4/18/2024 0 Comments Decibel scale1 TU was defined such that the number of TUs was ten times the base-10 logarithm of the ratio of measured power to a reference power. In 1924, Bell Telephone Laboratories received a favorable response to a new unit definition among members of the International Advisory Committee on Long Distance Telephony in Europe and replaced the MSC with the Transmission Unit (TU). A standard telephone cable was "a cable having uniformly distributed resistance of 88 ohms per loop-mile and uniformly distributed shunt capacitance of 0.054 microfarads per mile" (approximately corresponding to 19 gauge wire). 1 MSC corresponded to the loss of power over one mile (approximately 1.6 km) of standard telephone cable at a frequency of 5000 radians per second (795.8 Hz), and matched closely the smallest attenuation detectable to a listener. Until the mid-1920s, the unit for loss was Miles of Standard Cable (MSC). The decibel originates from methods used to quantify signal loss in telegraph and telephone circuits. In electronics, the gains of amplifiers, attenuation of signals, and signal-to-noise ratios are often expressed in decibels. Instead, the decibel is used for a wide variety of measurements in science and engineering, most prominently for sound power in acoustics, in electronics and control theory. The bel was named in honor of Alexander Graham Bell, but the bel is seldom used. The definition of the decibel originated in the measurement of transmission loss and power in telephony of the early 20th century in the Bell System in the United States. The decibel scales differ by a factor of two, so that the related power and root-power levels change by the same value in linear systems, where power is proportional to the square of amplitude. When expressing root-power quantities, a change in amplitude by a factor of 10 corresponds to a 20 dB change in level. That is, a change in power by a factor of 10 corresponds to a 10 dB change in level. When expressing a power ratio, it is defined as ten times the logarithm in base 10. Two principal types of scaling of the decibel are in common use. For example, for the reference value of 1 volt, a common suffix is " V" (e.g., "20 dBV"). In the latter case, the numeric value expresses the ratio of a value to a fixed reference value when used in this way, the unit symbol is often suffixed with letter codes that indicate the reference value. The unit expresses a relative change or an absolute value. Two signals whose levels differ by one decibel have a power ratio of 10 1/10 (approximately 1.26) or root-power ratio of 10 1⁄ 20 (approximately 1.12). It expresses the ratio of two values of a power or root-power quantity on a logarithmic scale. The decibel (symbol: dB) is a relative unit of measurement equal to one tenth of a bel ( B). For other uses, see Decibel (disambiguation). For use of this unit in sound measurements, see Sound pressure level. This article is about the logarithmic unit.
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Kids on the street are likely to ask for your game ID as soon as you ask if they know Minecraft. There are multiple possibilities in the game, and that's why it's popular among people of all ages. Your creativity can provide you with a full experience even without fully elaborate graphics. As a result, you have a mix of popular game styles for children, teens, and adults.Įssentially, everything around you can be interacted with in the game. It is a survival-style game that is compatible with desktops, Android, and iOS devices, combining MMORPGs and crafting. This post explains all the features and fun the game can bring you so you can get a better understanding of it.Īlso, Check For - Granny 5 APK - Time to Wake up In general, the game's infinite possibilities are what attract players. An innovative MMORPG GameĬould anyone have imagined that such a game with intentionally poor graphics would be so popular? 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The first phase entails the dominant culture perpetrating mass traumas on a population, resulting in cultural, familial, societal and economic devastation for the population. Sotero (2006) provided a conceptual framework of historical trauma that includes three successive phases. Through this analysis, the author seeks to assist professional counselors in their clinical practice and future research. The intent of this article is to examine the theoretical framework of historical trauma and apply recent research regarding the impact of trauma on an individual’s physiological functioning and cross-generational transmission of trauma. Specifically, there has been a lack of research about how the past atrocities suffered by the Native American people are connected with the current problems in the Native American community. However, there has been uncertainty about the validity of this theory due to the ambiguity of some of the concepts with little empirical evidence (Evans-Campbell, 2008 Gone, 2009). The theory of historical trauma has been considered clinically applicable to Native American individuals by counselors, psychologists, and psychiatrists (Brave Heart, Chase, Elkins, & Altschul, 2011 Goodkind, LaNoue, Lee, Freeland, & Freund, 2012 Myhra, 2011). The primary feature of historical trauma is that the trauma is transferred to subsequent generations through biological, psychological, environmental, and social means, resulting in a cross-generational cycle of trauma (Sotero, 2006). The current problems facing the Native American people may be the result of “a legacy of chronic trauma and unresolved grief across generations” enacted on them by the European dominant culture (Brave Heart & DeBruyn, 1998, p. To explain why some Native American individuals are subjected to substantial difficulties, Brave Heart and Debruyn (1998) utilized the literature on Jewish Holocaust survivors and their decedents and pioneered the concept of historical trauma. Still, Native American individuals are reported as having the lowest income, least education, and highest poverty level of any group-minority or majority-in the United States (Denny, Holtzman, Goins, & Croft, 2005) and the lowest life expectancy of any other population in the United States (CDC, 2010). Therefore, it is difficult to make overall generalizations regarding this population (Gone, 2009), and it is important to not stereotype all Native American people. Given that there are approximately 566 federally recognized tribes located in 35 states, and 60% of Native Americans in the United States reside in urban areas (Indian Health Services, 2009), there is much diversity within the Native American population. Suicide rates for Native American adults and youth are higher than the national average, with suicide being the second leading cause of death for Native Americans from 10–34 years of age (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007). Keywords: historical trauma, Native Americans, American Indian, historical losses, cross-generational trauma, historical loss symptomsĬompared with all other racial groups, non-Hispanic Native American adults are at greater risk of experiencing feelings of psychological distress and more likely to have poorer overall physical and mental health and unmet medical and psychological needs (Barnes, Adams, & Powell-Griner, 2010). The author seeks to add clarity to this theory to assist professional counselors in understanding how traumas that occurred decades ago continue to impact Native American clients today. The purpose of this article is to systematically examine the theoretical underpinnings of historical trauma among Native Americans. However, there has been skepticism by mental health professionals about the validity of this concept. This theory purports that some Native Americans are experiencing historical loss symptoms (e.g., depression, substance dependence, diabetes, dysfunctional parenting, unemployment) as a result of the cross-generational transmission of trauma from historical losses (e.g., loss of population, land, and culture). The theory of historical trauma was developed to explain the current problems facing many Native Americans. 4/17/2024 0 Comments Digital mp3 player fiioThe X3 functionality is impressive and Fiio got it right, with just about every feature you could want, including display and playback upon turn-on. Switching between DAC functionality and file access requires adjusting the settings, which takes several button presses to get to the correct menu item and change it unlike the AK120, but they are different classes of players. The DAC function does require a special driver for the PC, but works natively on a MAC. The initial firmware had some issues, but the installed firmware, version 2.1, is very stable with added functionality, including asynchronous DAC functionality. When being used as a DAC, pressing the Play/Pause button will mute/unmute the music. When in DAC mode, plugging the X3 into a computer starts the DAC functionality while charging, and pressing and holding the Menu/Back button will switch to standalone playback mode. The Menu/Back button performs many functions, and a press and hold when on the track screen brings up a menu that allows tracks to be added or removed from the favorites playlist or deleted. Track skip and volume are not aligned vertically, which required some mental adjustment and extra thought when using the X3 among my other sources, but if the X3 was my only source I am sure I would adjust quickly. The interface lacks a touch screen like many of the current players, but that doesn’t detract from the usability once you get used to the offset button configuration. The Fiio X3 is a relatively small, moderately priced player that has excellent usability combined with very good sound quality. The internal memory comes with 26 24/192 tracks and the user manual in PDF format. The X3 comes with 2 screen protectors, a white translucent silicone case, a USB mini cable, a 3.5mm to coax adapter cable, an instruction booklet, and 2 cards that list some additional information. The X3 comes in a clean and simple small white box that gives a sense of quality, with text in English and Chinese. Recently Fiio released a higher-end DAP, the X5. Neil Young’s Pono player has garnered much attention lately, but the X3 has had 24 bit 192 KHz sample rate playback for quite some time, and HD Tracks already remasters high quality tracks. The next several years marked significant growth for Fiio, which has since released many amp and DAC/amps, and finally their first DAPs, the X3. It became a hot seller, especially with the limited digital audio player (DAP) choices available at the time, and followed-up by the vastly superior E5. Introduction to Bluetooth Audio Technologyįiio has been around for quite some time, starting with a low cost, entry level amp, the E3.DIY Self-impressions for Custom In-Ear Monitors.Traveling Audiophile Holiday Gift Guide.Musician’s In-Ear Monitor Buyer’s Guide.
More recently, statewide droughts in California have strained both the city's and Los Angeles County's water security. Los Angeles hosted the Summer Olympics in 19, and will also host in 2028. In 2018, the Los Angeles metropolitan area had a gross metropolitan product of over $1.0 trillion, making it the city with the third-largest GDP in the world, after New York and Tokyo. It also has one of the busiest container ports in the Americas. Los Angeles has a diverse economy with a broad range of industries, best known as the home of the Hollywood film industry, the world's largest by revenue the city was an important site in the history of film. The city was further expanded with the completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, which delivers water from Eastern California. The discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months before California achieved statehood. In 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and became part of the United States. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence. The city was founded on September 4, 1781, under Spanish governor Felipe de Neve, on the village of Yaanga. The area that became Los Angeles was originally inhabited by the indigenous Tongva people and later claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542. with over 4.6 million visitors as of 2019. It is the third-most visited city in the U.S. It covers about 469 square miles (1,210 km 2), and is the county seat of Los Angeles County, which is the most populous county in the United States with an estimated 9.86 million residents as of 2022. The majority of the city proper lies in a basin in Southern California adjacent to the Pacific Ocean in the west and extending partly through the Santa Monica Mountains and north into the San Fernando Valley, with the city bordering the San Gabriel Valley to its east. Los Angeles has a Mediterranean climate and an ethnically and culturally diverse population, and it is the principal city of a sprawling metropolitan area. With roughly 3.9 million residents within the city limits as of 2020, Los Angeles is the second-most populous city in the United States, behind only New York City it is the commercial, financial and cultural center of the Southern California region. 'The Angels'), often referred to by its initials L.A., is the most populous city in the U.S. Los Angeles ( US: / l ɔː s ˈ æ n dʒ əl ə s/ ⓘ lawss AN-jə-ləss Spanish: Los Ángeles, lit. Interested members of the public may search the database by name, date of birth, or other unique identifiers. The SBI then compiles this information into a central database. North Carolina law requires the state's enforcement agencies to report arrests to the SBI. The offense for which they were arrested.In North Carolina, arrest records are also maintained by the North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation (SBI). The following persons/institutions may access North Carolina arrest records with minimal exceptions:Īrrest records and related information are maintained by the law enforcement agency that made the arrest and North Carolina courts. Who Can Access North Carolina Arrest Records? These records contain information on all an individual's arrests, especially those made within state limits. North Carolina arrest records are a part of an individual's criminal history records that are maintained by the North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation. Questions about accessing arrest records in North Carolina may be directed to the North Carolina Department of Public Safety. In addition, a minor's name and other identifying information may also be restricted. For example, a person's social security number, date of birth, or home address cannot be released without the person's consent. However, there are some restrictions on who can access certain types of information contained in an arrest record. THE INFORMATION ON THIS SITE CANNOT BE USED TO MAKE DECISIONS ABOUT CONSUMER CREDIT, EMPLOYERS, INSURANCE, TENANT SCREENING, OR ANY OTHER PURPOSES THAT WOULD REQUIRE THE FAIR CREDIT REPORTING ACT COMPLIANCE.Are Arrest Records Public in North Carolina?Īccording to North Carolina statute 15A-304, arrest records are considered public information and can be accessed by anyone. CONTACT THE RESPECTIVE COUNTY CLERK OF STATE ATTORNEY'S OFFICE FOR MORE INFORMATION.īUSTEDNEWSPAPER.COM IS NOT A CONSUMER REPORTING AGENCY. DO NOT RELY ON THIS SITE TO DETERMINE FACTUAL CRIMINAL RECORDS. 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DISCLAIMER NOTICE: INFORMATION POSTED ON THIS WEB SITE IS PROVIDED FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. 4/16/2024 0 Comments What are the name of chess piecesPlace 2 rooks on the a1/a8 and h1/h8 squares Place 8 pawns across the 2nd and 7th ranks Here are the steps to set up the chessboard: In setting up the board, let’s use our newfound knowledge to organize what pieces are where on the chessboard: Rules of Chess #3: Setting up Chess Pieces Of course, it is! Still, using these coordinates (in the “piece-file-rank” or “file-rank” format) is how we can more clearly communicate where pieces are moving. After all, isn’t it just a bunch of letters and numbers? Now you may be asking how this even relates to chess. The diagram below shows a green arrow to represent the move “d4” : So if a pawn were to move on the “d4” square, we could say either “d4” or “Pd4” as the first move. Just know that usually players just leave a pawn move as “d4” instead of “Pd4”Īlso, we use “N” for knight because “K” is already used for king. Here is a list of what each piece’s 1-letter abbreviation is: For more examples, the square on the left of “d4” is “c4,” and the square above “d4” is “d5.” Rules of Chess #2: The Chess PiecesĮach piece mentioned also has a capital letter that corresponds to the piece moving. and the green square is the intersection of the d-file/4th rank, which we simplify to “d4”Įvery square has its own coordinate.the horizontal red line represents the 4th rank.the vertical purple arrow represents the d-file.On the outside of the checkered area are letters and numbers as outlined below, where each letter corresponds with a column–known as a “file” in chess–and each number corresponds with a row–known as a “rank” in chess. If you can do this, then you have won the game! Rules of Chess #1: The ChessboardĪ standard chessboard consists of 64 alternating dark and light squares as well as an initial setup of 32 pieces. Your goal is solely to trap the King and threaten to capture, not to capture the piece itself. One big misconception is that you can capture (or “kill”) the king in a chess game, which is simply untrue. Your goal is to use those pieces to “checkmate” your opponent to put it more simply, your goal is to simultaneously threaten (aka “check”) your opponent’s king-with your pieces-and prevent his/her king from escaping (aka “checkmate”). What is Chess and What is the Goal?Ĭhess is a two-player game where each player has a set of 16 chess pieces that can be grouped into:Ī fully set up chess board looks like this:Įach type of piece moves, attacks or defends in different ways. To set you on the right path into your chess journey, we hope this article can get you started with all there is to know about how to play chess. Regardless of who you are or where you come from, chess can be a great game to learn and improve on. Like I have said, looking at Tamiya, Hasegawa or Airfix models have given me this vision of a modern army for chess.Want to learn the Rules of Chess? Now you can master the chess rules in less than 20 minutes! You’ll learn how pieces move, how to set up a chessboard, what’s your pieces worth, how to castle, what’s promotion, what’s “en passant”, how to start the game, and much more! If you are beginning your chess journey this is a perfect place to learn the rules.Īustrian writer Stefan Zweig once said, “ As proved by evidence, more lasting in its being and presence than all books and achievements the only game that belongs to all people and all ages of which none knows the divinity that bestowed it on the world, to slay boredom, to sharpen the senses, to exhilarate the spirit.” King- an Army HQ unit or a Mobile HQ units (with the General in command). But if you were to make a WW2 scenario, a main Battle tank could be Queen and lesser armored vehicles could be Rooks (ex. Queen- in a modern setting, an attack helicopter could be used (ex. Rooks- a Battle tank or light armored vehicle could be used (ex. Knights- knowing the movement/attacking mode of the knight, a Mortar team could be used. Different squads could be mounted on larger square base and placed on a large terrain board square.īishops - could be a Machine gun unit or Machine gun nest. And squad groups could be used to make the whole battlefield more realistic. Pawns - attacking/advancing Infantry units. Since I have been viewing Tamiya models so the scale of the board could be insanely 1:35ish. They can be based on real opposing armies (example cold war US Army vs Soviet Army). |
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